Richard N. YOUNGWORTH^1*, Takanori YAMANASHI², and Ellis I. BETENSKY³

¹Riyo LLC, PO Box 6192, Boise, ID 83707, U.S.A.
²Theta Optical LLC, 6333 Canoga Avenue, #377, Woodland Hills, CA 91367, U.S.A.
³Consultant, 1803-1 Palace Pier Crt, Etobicoke, ON M8V 3W9, Canada

(Received March 31, 2014; Accepted May 15, 2014)

The magnifying power of ocular systems is limited by the system exit pupil and Lagrange Invariant. This work shows that useful magnification is increased by separating the invariant. The impact on the specification for digital ocular systems, including a binocular example, is provided.

Key words: magnifying power, empty magnification, optical systems, ocular instruments, Lagrange Invariant

^*E-mail address: ryoungworth@riyo-llc.com